How to write an essay on a novel

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

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Saturday, August 1, 2020

Due Diligence When Buying Real Estate

Due Diligence When Buying Real Estate Due diligence is generally defined as thorough research before signing a contract, especially one involving a purchase or sale. Within a real estate context, it usually refers to a stipulated period within a real estate contract for a buyer to investigate the property in question to ensure that they are satisfied with it before the purchase is finalized. However, long before any initial offer is made, properties considered for real estate investment should be assessed as thoroughly as possible using all publicly available information. This is known as preliminary due diligence, and can involve property visits, and/or discussions with brokers, and with your advisors, such as your attorney or financial advisor. Proper due diligence beforehand will save you considerable headaches afterwards. © Shutterstock.com | ScandinavianStockThe stipulated due diligence period includes your review of the sellerâ€™s documents and your own independent investigation. In this article, we will explore the due diligence period in real estate contracts, including 1) due diligence when buying commercial and residential real estate, 2) title review, 3) real estate surveying, 4) zoning, 5) property inspections, 6) environmental inspections, 7) real estate leases, and 8) real estate appraisals.DUE DILIGENCE WHEN BUYING COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATEOne of the main reasons for preliminary due diligence is important in commercial and residential real estate transactions is so that the buyer can properly assess the propertyâ€™s value to formulate an offer strategically. Many of the documents that allow you to explore a propertyâ€™s net profitability are only available to the buyer after an offer has been made. However, fundamentally, when valuing commercial property, income production is cri tical. The key ratio to determine here is the Net Operating Income (NOI), which is equal to income minus operating expenses (not including taxes and interest), and should be one of the key factors in determining how much you are willing to pay for the property.Commercial real estate The primary reason critical reason due diligence for commercial real estate is so important is to ensure that the buyer knows exactly what he/she is purchasing. The stipulated period usually begins after the prospective purchaser has made an offer, the seller has accepted the offer pending the due diligence period, and the buyer has placed a down payment in an escrow account to be applied towards the purchase and lasts anywhere from 30 days to more than nine months. It should involve physical inspections of the real estate, an assessment of related-environmental conditions, a review of the title, zoning requirements, contracts, leases, and surveys, partially through a review of documents the seller provi des. These should include copies of:The deed;Information on current tenants;Existing, actual uses of the property;Zoning documents indicating allowable uses of the property;Any seller inspections;Land and improvement surveys;Current title insurance;Other insurance;Any notice of pending legal and/or government action;Environmental assessments;Any special assessments or taxes;Copies of any property bills;Any service contracts;All construction plans in the sellerâ€™s possession; andWarranties for any construction.Beyond the document review, the buyer should conduct an independent investigation. You can request that the seller conduct, and/or pay for some of the third-party assessments you may want to inspect, and negotiate them into the contract.Residential real estateJust like with commercial real estate, you should thoroughly assess the value of and market for a residential real estate property before making an offer. With residential real estate, there are fewer objective measures o f valuation of property, especially single-family residences. If the family is a multifamily unit, review the income the property generated in tandem with property taxes, and utilities. With single-family residences, comps, real estate appraisals, and local real estate trends are your best bet for valuing the property.The due diligence period for residential real estate purchases typically lasts 30 days, with 10 to 15 days to inspect. During this period, you should review:The deed and title reviewSurveying documents;Zoning documents;Property inspections;Property appraisals;Environmental assessments; andInsurance documents, and any other available documents.Understanding Real Estate Investments: Due Diligence TITLE REVIEWThe first thing is to review the title, which should be â€" unless you are buying a distressed property â€" clear of any liens or other claims against it. The title is the transferable right to the property, which you must ensure the seller actually has (and often mi staken with the deed, which is the document used to transfer the property to another). Typically, the seller makes sure they can convey a clear title before they put the property on the market. The title review period for commercial real estate purchases are similar, and involve reviewing all claims against the property â€" what is known as a title search. To protect yourself in case the title search misses a claim against the property, which then reveals itself after youâ€™ve purchased the property, you will want to purchase title insurance, which makes the policyholder liable for such claims.Commercial real estate title reviewYou will likely receive a document known as a PTR (Preliminary Title Report) from a title insurance company, which will include a description of the land, the type of estate, who has title to the estate, and any claims to the estate. When reviewing the title commitment, you should look for any Exceptions to or exclusions from the title, which will define any known claims to the property by others, such as by taxing agencies. PTRs may also list liens, restrictions, special assessments, and more. All should be carefully examined by your real estate attorney so that you are clear on what you are purchasing, what rights you will have, and what, if and, rights others, may have.Residential real estate title reviewA title insurance firm likewise conducts the residential title search. When you purchase a residential property using leverage, the lender typically wants you to purchase a clear title. When the title insurance company finds a claim, such as a lien against the property, the seller is informed and typically must redress it. Once a title is clear, the title insurance company issues a title commitment â€" a statement indicating that they will insure the property. The lender will then likely approve the mortgage. In the case of distressed properties, you may have to agree to satisfy existing liens (such as environmental, judgement or mec hanicsâ€™ liens) at closing in order to receive a title commitment. REAL ESTATE SURVEYINGWhatever property you plan to purchase, surveying allows you to see exactly what the land underlying the property is. You should know whether any nearby entity has an easement a right pass through to any part of the land you plan to purchase, or whether there is an encroachment a portion of someone elseâ€™s property intruding on what you plan to buy. There may also be other covenants conditions and/or restrictions tied to the land, all of which are essential to know before making a purchase.Commercial real estate surveyingEasements and restrictions can cause more headaches for a buyer than zoning regulations, particularly if you plan to renovate or expand the property. Look for a survey from ALTA the American Land Title Association, which is prepared by a licensed surveyor in accordance with the Associationâ€™s standards. Typically, title insurers want to see the results of an ALTA survey b efore issuing a commitment. The survey will include information on encroachments on to the property you intend to purchase; encroachments the property you intend to purchase has on neighboring properties; and easements that affect the intended property.Residential real estate surveyingSurveys should be current; many lenders will not honor one more than six months old. Most residential real estate purchasers obtain house location surveys, which are cheaper. However, the title insurance firms will not consider these surveys in coverage of encroachments and boundary line disputes. To get title insurance that covers these issues, you should also get an ALTA survey when purchasing residential real estate as an investment. ZONINGZoning certifications are available from planning offices of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. The buyer should ensure that the building is currently in compliance with existing zoning regulations. Further, the buyer should learn of any planned z oning changes that may adversely affect their intended use of the property by speaking with representatives from the local zoning office.Zoning for commercial real estate Owners of commercial real estate property should ensure that the property currently complies with existing zoning regulations, especially if they plan renovations, development, or further expansion. Zoning also includes assessments, exactions, and impact fees â€" which can directly impact how much net income you can expect to generate. After you purchase the property, it is critical to keep abreast of developments in the cityâ€™s zoning plans.Zoning for residential real estate Residential zoning laws, like commercial ones, vary from city-to-city, and state-to-state. Knowing what they are and making sure that you and your tenants are in compliance is key. Tenants who decide to operate a home-based business in the apartment they lease from you, for example, may earn you a fine. It is likewise critical to keep abrea st of zoning plans; a city deciding to develop commercial property could re-zone your property and pressure you to sell (though they cannot force you to do so). Know beforehand the applicable zoning laws and forecast what they may be during the time horizon you plan to hold the property. PROPERTY INSPECTIONS All building inspections should be done by a certified third-party to ensure that the property is up to code, and structurally sound. Buyers should look for a current one or stipulate that one take place during the due diligence period.Commercial real estate inspectionsInspections of commercial real estate will typically cover roofs, HVAC, electrical, heating, plumbing, and structure. They look at lifespans of these systems, which typically are, all other things held constant, 10 to 15 years for a roof, 40 to 60 years for plumbing, 50 years for electrical systems, 15 to 17 years for HVAC systems, and 70 to 100 years for the underlying structure. Commercial inspections average $0.10 per square foot. They will also typically include parking areas, among other areas of a commercial property.Residential real estate inspectionsThese inspections cover the same areas as commercial real estate inspections, as well as pest infestation, chimney inspections, water quality, exteriors and interiors, and other areas. They typically start at $325.00, and should take at least two to three hours to ensure thoroughness. Time permitting, you should attend the home inspection with the inspector to ask questions and learn to spot issues with other properties you may purchase in the future.ENVIRONMENTAL INSPECTIONSEnvironmental inspections are critical, but are more of a significant issue for commercial properties whose owners and/or tenants may be purchasing environmentally harmful waste products in large quantities. The property you intend to buy may have suffered environmental damage from previous use, which may affect your intended use. Commercial real estate environment al inspectionsFor commercial properties, environmental appraisals begin with a Phase I Environmental Report, which will indicate whether there are serious problems requiring remediation. These reports not only include appraisals from licensed third parties, they also include reviews of state and federal compliance agencies of the property in question. If there are, what typically follows is known as a Phase II investigation, which usually involves further testing.Environmental assessments when buying residential real estateResidential property purchases also involve environmental assessments, by licensed assessors selected by title insurance firms. While Phase I and Phase II assessments are not required, it is in your best interest to obtain the most thorough environmental assessment available to ensure you have full use of the property. In 2012, a New Jersey homeowner who did no pre-purchase environmental assessment was found liable for damage done to his neighborâ€™s property from an old oil tank on his property left there by the previous owner. REAL ESTATE LEASESAs mentioned earlier, you should evaluate the income generated by the existing leases to valuate the property. However, you should also look at tenant files and credit-worthiness, as well as personally assess the condition of their leased space to corroborate the sellerâ€™s assessment of the propertyâ€™s condition. Other documents you should evaluate in tandem with existing leases include existing loan documents; insurance documents, which may provide further information, and possibly a risk assessment from the insurer; and utility expenses and property taxes, as you are on the hook for them when the property is vacant.Evaluating existing commercial real estate leasesSome experts suggest that you review the NOI for the preceding three years to properly project income. You should also review the previous periodâ€™s actual operating performance, rather than the pro forma statements, which may give yo u a misleading portrait of how well the property is doing. You should also thoroughly review the lease terms and periods, and tenant files, interviewing tenants directly if possible, as they will be yours to manage shortly. During the due diligence process, ask the seller to keep you abreast of any tenant problems that occur during the process to get a feel for any problem tenants.Evaluating existing residential real estate leasesBeyond reviewing leases for income projections, review them for any clauses related to access of the leased space, renovations, and selling the property should you be interested in flipping it. Also, make sure that the seller informs you of any amendments they make to the lease during the due diligence period. And make sure the seller credits you for the tenantsâ€™ security deposit at closing.REAL ESTATE APPRAISALSOne of the most critical aspects of the real estate purchasing process, real estate appraisals will be a key determinant in any assessment of the propertyâ€™s value. This is what the seller used to determine their price, what lenders will use when determining how much they will lend, and what tax agencies will use when assessing taxes. Commercial real estate appraisalsCommercial real estate appraisals assess the physical plant, zoning records, geo-demographic information, and comps to value a property. You will want to make sure the one the seller provides is current, and get one done yourself during the due diligence period to corroborate the one provided you by the seller. You will want to share with the appraiser the intended use of the appraisal and what it will be used for. Types include a fee simple interest â€" the value of property; a leased fee interest â€" the value of the property when leased; or a leasehold interest the value of a leas to a tenant. Commercial real estate appraisals can range from $2,000 to upwards of $3,000.Residential real estate appraisalsLicensed residential real estate appraisers typically u se the sales comparison approach â€" which emphasizes comps; the cost approach â€" which looks at the replacement cost of the property; or the income approach â€" to develop an initial opinion of value. You should be clear on the approach, date of valuation, and independence of the appraiser when reviewing the appraisal.Outline for Real Estate Due Diligence (Property Inspection)

Friday, May 22, 2020

Homelessness A Social Issue - 2081 Words

Introduction I have been asked to write an essay on a Social Issue. I have chosen Homelessness. I chose this because it is a very serious issue not only here in Australia but all over the world. In Australia there are is about 105,000 Australians that are homeless on any given night, all of which are either living in a makeshift home or sleeping on the streets. In my essay I am going to look at whom homelessness affects the reasons why, and what is being done to help and raise awareness 1.0 What is homelessness? 1.1 Homelessness the social issue: Homelessness is a serious social issue that affects different people and different groups in a variety of ways. Many different factors contribute to homelessness. Homelessness is not gender, race or age specific and can affect anyone at any given time depending on their circumstances. People arenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t necessarily homeless because of choices they have made although sometimes that can be the case. More often than not they find themselves in that situation because of circumstances beyond their control. Being homeless means you have no fixed place to call home. 2.0 Who does homelessness effect and how? 2.1 Homelessness, who it affects: Homelessness can affect anyone such as single mothers, families, Indigenous and Torres Strait islanders, teens, single males and females, people with drug/ or Alcohol addictions and victims of abuse. There are all kinds of reasons that people in these situations find themselves without a place toShow MoreRelatedThe Social Issue Of Homelessness1138 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pages Homelessness Catherine Vivi ABS 497 Applied Behavioral Sciences Capstone Instructor Theresa Cruz June 29, 2015 Ashford University Ã¢â‚¬Æ' Ã¢â‚¬Æ' Homelessness Lakeland is a city in Polk County, Florida, United States, located between the two larger cities in central Florida those being Tampa to the west and Orlando to the east. While interventions to interrupt and end homelessness may vary across groups, ending homelessness permanently requires housing combined with the types of services supported by programsRead MoreThe Social Issue Of Homelessness1055 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesHomelessness is a social issue which extends beyond a lack of housing and includes the complexities of social and economic concerns such as domestic violence, child abuse, trauma and addictions, mental health, insufficient income, health complications, involvement with the justice system, and poverty. Homelessness is a difficult phenomenon to define as it is dependent upon societal constructs, mainly revolving around the concept of Ã¢â‚¬ËœhomeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ and how it is largely influenced by family structures moreRead MoreSocial Issues In Homelessness855 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pa gesTransient! We have all overheard these terms which reference those who are homeless. Homelessness is not a crisis or an endemic that transpired overnight, but has been steadily escalating for decades. This endemic impact more individuals than anyone can conceptualize. It triggers a variety of problems not just for the homeless, but society. Homelessness is a multifaceted social problem with an array of underlying social and economic factors. People find themselves without permanent housing for severalRead MoreThe Social Issues Of Homelessness1133 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesbecause we see certain things so often, we become desensitized and accustomed to them, leading us to acknowledge them less and less. This however, serves as a poor excuse when explaining our lack of effort in attacking and solving the social issues present in homelessness. In todayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s day and age, individuals often adapt the mindset of: Ã¢â‚¬Å"Your problem, you deal with it.Ã¢â‚¬ But how are these human b eings, who have aspirations and dreams just like you and me (that are now crushed), are supposed to just Ã¢â‚¬Å"dealÃ¢â‚¬ Read MoreHomelessness : The Current Social Welfare Issue1339 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesSocial Welfare Issue: Homelessness Written by: Laura Westra The current social welfare issue that I chose to explore is homelessness within Canada. First, this essay will give a brief description of homelessness. Secondly, it will describe how homelessness relates to some concepts and theories that we learned in this course Introduction to Social Welfare, it will also look at what may have happened to people facing homelessness one hundred years ago, next we will explore a possible solution to thisRead MoreThe Social Issues of Homelessness Essay examples1432 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesSociology 2, Social Issues Problems Section 80528 November 24, 2008 The Social Issue of Homelessness Homelessness has always been a major social issue for cities across the nation but in recent years it is reached astonishing proportions. In this essay I will try to summarize ten recently published articles and each of the authors view of homelessness. First I will discuss some of their opinions of the causes of the recent increase of homelessness and who or what is to blame. Next we willRead MoreThe Issue Of Homelessness And School Social Work1554 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesJournal Articles Review SWK 190 Introduction to Social Work Section 01 Lauren Cartwright 2/18/16 Introduction Social work continues to be a necessary and important profession because there are such a wide variety and abundance of social issues that exist in the world today. Among these issues, one of great prevalence is homelessness. Homelessness is an important problem that needs to be directly addressed because it can lead to many other problems as well. Problems such as poor academicRead MoreEssay about The social issue of homelessness in NC1229 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesThe Social Issue of Homelessness in North Carolina People drive or walk past a homeless person almost every day without thinking twice about the plight of that person or they may even unconsciously turn their heads the other way in disgust. Homelessness simply put, means without a home - therefore homelessness is an equal opportunity state that can happen to anyone. Even though we have seen some economic prosperity over the years, statistics show that the number of homeless remains very high.Read MoreSocial Problems Within The Australian Society1215 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesA Social Analysis Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Homelessness There are a growing number of social problems existing within the Australian society and unfortunately, research does not need to prove this. All it takes is a stroll down the main street of some suburbs to realise the extent of social problems within society. Homelessness is a rising trend that is affecting people of all demographics. Homelessness is more than just a simple disadvantage; with usually many underpinning factors which contribute to it, such as domesticRead MoreHomelessness And The Tampa Bay Area1234 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesHomelessness is a prevalent social issue that many countries are trying to resolve. One area that has a high rate of homelessness is the Tampa Bay Area in Florida. According to a homeless count carried out by the Tampa Hillsborough Homeless Initiative (THHI) in 2016, in Hillsborough County alone, there are, Ã¢â‚¬Å"at least 1,817 homeless men, women, and childrenÃ¢â‚¬ who have to resort to unorthodox housing, such as spaces behind buildings, encampmen ts, sidewalks, and cars (Ã¢â‚¬Å"About HomelessnessÃ¢â‚¬ ). Moreover

Sunday, May 10, 2020

Marriage And The State Marriage - 1265 Words

Marriage and the state Marriage is a legal union of a couple as spouses according to Cornell University of law school. Traditionally, marriage was viewed as the basis of the family unit and very vital to the preservation of civilization and morals. However, defining marriage in the society of today can be a challenge. This is because the marriage of today differs with what marriage was considered to be in the past. In the todayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s society, there are three basic elements of marriage which include: each party must accord to the marriage, each party must have a legal ability to marry and the parties must have entered into a contract as require by law. In addition, gay marriage has been legalized by states where we find the gay couple raisingÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Moreover, one can receive disability, veterans, pension plan, military and Medicare benefits through the other spouse. In case a marriage that has lasted for at least ten years ends, one can still enjoy social security benefits with a p ower to spousal support. Secondly, the prenuptial agreement benefits are recognized under the law that a couple is creating an economic partnership by getting married. Lastly, we have the IRA benefits that are used in a few ways contributing to the unemployed individual retirement account as well as changing deceased spouse s IRA for own use in the course of a marriage. Tax benefits- we have the marital tax deduction, and filing taxes jointly under the tax benefits. The marital tax deduction is the largest tax benefit a married couple can receive. In addition, one can transfer assets free from tax to the partner at any time. A spouse can leave assets to the other spouse with no estate subjection. On filing taxes jointly, it happens that if both spouses are high earners, they end up paying more taxes. However, if one stays at home while the other has a job then the marriage benefits to file jointly. Legal benefits- These benefits includes the inheritance benefits and legal decision- making. Focusing on inheritance benefits, a spouse or partner can inherit the whole estate with no taxShow MoreRelatedPolygamy : State Of Marriage2013 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 9 PagesPolygamy: state of marriage to many spouses (www.polygamy.com). Polygamy has a conflicted past in history. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all condoned the practice of Polygamy in the early years of each respective religion. As time passed, so did the feelings and laws towards Polygamy. Polygamy is now outlawed among western Jews, and though it is legal in other areas, it is unheard of. Christianity does not tolerate Polygamy. While Islamic law still allows Polygamy it is not often practiced. IslamicRead MoreInterracial Marriages And The United States1043 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesis the institution of marriage. This is especially true when it comes to the topic of interracial marriages. Which has been described as a marriage betwee n members of two different races. Even though, it has not been that long ago since interracial marriage has been made legal throughout the entire United States. It continues to be one of the biggest conflicts in society today, considering everyone has their different viewpoints on the topic. Since these types of marriages are considered to be anRead MoreMarriage Statistic: Marriage Rates Have Decrease in the United States797 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesMarriage rates have decreased in the United States, in the 1970s there were 76.5 marriages for 1000 unmarried women over 15 years of age and in 2008 it dropped to 34.8 marriages for 1000 unmarried women (Lee and Payne 2010). Marriage rates have decreased for a number of reasons, education attainment, religion, change of social norms, and many more. According to Jeremy E. Uecker and Charles E. Stokes (2008), the age of marriage is related to school enrollment. Right after high school, at the age ofRead MoreGay Marriage Is The United States2 107 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 9 PagesGay Marriage Every little girl fantasizes about her big day, her wedding day. She has every little detail in her head, planning the venue, decorations, her wedding dress, and the most important, the man she will marry. A fatherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s most emotional day will be when he walks down his little girl down the aisle to give her to her future husband and his little girl will no longer be his little girl. Now times have changed, and little kids are confused about their sexuality, and as they grow up, theyRead More Should Marriage Be Left To The States? Essays1696 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagessituation is. Currently family law is a matter left to a great extent to the states. States have the power to decide who may marry, the legal process required to do so, and what the legal consequences of that marriage are within the state. In all these matters states differ from each other. The state is limited in its actions, though, to the requirement of its own constitution as well as the constitution of the Unite d States. What those constitutions require is often a matter of great debate, but theRead MoreSame Sex Marriage And The State Of Michigan852 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesIn March of 2014 same sex marriage became legal; this was short lived as appeals were filed, which blocked any marriages from happening. 323 couples were able to be wed before the hold was placed, but the state of Michigan refused to recognize them, even though the marriages were done legally. Can you imagine what it would be like to have gotten married, but still not considered married by the state that you call home? As of January fifteenth, 2015, these marriages are finally ruled as valid. InRead MoreMarriage Rituals in India and United States1993 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 Pages Marriage can be defined as the formal union of a man and a woman, typically recognized by law, by which they become husband and wife (WebsterÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Dictionary). Although this definition of marriage is common in many different parts of the world, the way people decide who to marry varies greatly. The selection process used to decipher who to spend the rest of their life with is a daunting task and most people go about it differently. In the United States, love is what most people think is the majorRead MoreFamily Arranged Marriages in India Versus Self-Arranged Marriages in the United States2331 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 10 Pagesarranged marriages in India versus self-arranged marriages in the United States Marriage has been defined in numerous terms by different cultures. The factors that play into creating a successful, happy marriage are viewed differently by people in different cultures. Family arranged marriage has been the tradition in Indian culture. Modernization, globalization, and urbanization have brought about the concept of self-arranged marriage from Western cultures, such as the United States. DespiteRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal in All States1632 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesthroughout the United States for decades has been Gay Marriage. Whether same-sex couples should be given the right to marry or even if same-sex couples should be given rights at all, this has been a contentious discussion which creates division and disunity throughout the country. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. Gay marriage has been legalized in 17 states. But only 19 of 194 countries allow for gay marriage. Statistics sho w moreRead MoreEssay on Same Sex Marriages in the United States1531 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesSame Sex Marriages in the United States How do most couples show the world that they are in a loving, devoted, committed relationship? How does one express that they want to spend the rest of their life with one particular person? This is normally done through a marriage, celebrated by a wedding, certified by a marriage license. Homosexuals are human; therefore they are capable of loving another person just as any heterosexual human. Yet, homosexuals are unable to obtain a marriage license

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

B.F. Skinner Free Essays

SkinnerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theories suggest that all human behaviors result from the conditioning stimuli that operate upon them. As such, human nature has little to do with matters spiritual or moral and more to do with what aspects of character are reinforced by positive stimuli and extinguished by negative stimuli. For example, Ã¢â‚¬ËœgoodÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ people who have lived with Ã¢â‚¬Ëœhigh moral fibreÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ are those who have been reinforced to do so, and Ã¢â‚¬ËœbadÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ people who have lived with little moral or spiritual regard for others are those who have been reinforced to do so (or conversely, have been negatively reinforced to be concerned with others). We will write a custom essay sample on B.F. Skinner or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Boeree, 1998) SkinnerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s view of human nature is considered problematic by most rationalists for the simple fact that it reduces it to a series of conditioned behaviors Ã¢â‚¬â€ an empirically sequenced string of if-then actions Ã¢â‚¬â€ that coldly implies the irrelevance of higher reasoning to explain them. (Boeree, 1998) As such, any moral rationalization of human behavior is merely post hoc reasoning. Nonetheless, it is difficult to reconcile SkinnerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s model of human behavior with determinism. While determinism holds that every event creates a fixed result , Skinner holds that every event (i.Ã‚ e. human behavior) is maintained only by the properties of a reinforcer (Newall, 2005; Boeree, 2006). This creates a small but significant contradiction because the question of how a reinforcer shapes human behavior becomes moot when said reinforcer is also pre-determined. References Boeree, C. George (1998). B. F. Skinner. Retrieved February 29, 2008, from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboear/skinner. html Newall, P. (2005) Free Will and Determinism. Retrieved February 29, 2008, from http://www. galilean-library. org/int13. html How to cite B.F. Skinner, Papers